Unrest against the industrial city: social reform and the “garden-city” in

Sintetizando fuentes intelectuales muy diferentes, que iban de Marshall a Kropotkin pasando por Spencer o Bellamy, E. Howard consiguió recoger en su modelo de ciudad-jardín toda una serie de inquietudes reformistas que se desarrollaron en Gran Bretaña en las últimas décadas del siglo XIX (cooperativismo, reforma de la tierra, revitalización rural, etc.). Su libro, Mañana: una vía pacífica hacia la reforma social (1898), supuso asimismo la culminación de una larga corriente intelectual de reacción frente a la ciudad industrial y tuvo una amplia difusión entre posiciones ideológicas diversas, dando lugar a un importante movimiento internacional de 1900 a 1923. En España, sin embargo, su impacto fue muy limitado durante ese mismo periodo, a pesar de que había corrientes reformistas -krausismo, corporativismo católico o georgismo- que, compartiendo un similar desencanto frente a la nueva realidad urbana, podían verse reflejadas en muchos de los planteamientos de Howard. Por otra parte, los esfuerzos de Cebrià de Montoliu por conseguir un mayor arraigo del modelo de ciudad-jardín se enfrentaron a la competencia directa de A. Soria y su ciudad lineal.Synthesizing very different intellectual sources -from Marshall and Spencer to Kropotkin and Bellamy-, E. Howard´s garden-city model was able to capture the interest in social reform which had arisen in Great Britain during the last decades of the nineteenth century, in relation to matters such as land reform, co-operativism or the reversal of migration flows from country to town. Moreover, his book Tomorrow: a Peaceful Path to Real Reform (1898) was the culmination of a long stream of criticism against the industrial city. It became widely known amongst different ideological positions and gave rise to an important international movement between 1900 and 1923. However, in Spain its influence was very limited during this period, despite the fact that there were several intellectual trends -such as krausism, catholic corporativism and georgism- which were concerned with social reform and were discontented with the new urban reality, sharing many of Howard´s insights. On the other hand, Cebrià de Montoliu´s attempt to spread the garden-city idea in Spain had to overcome the rivalry of Arturo Soria´s linear city